Earthquake! How to live?

1. Furniture stuck with the wall by a cleat or clam before the earthquake.  That can reduce the risk of injury or death from the pressed down furniture or cabinet. 

2. Heavy thing of the self keep right off the bottom from the top.

3. Dangerous objects, such as fire and chemical products should be kept in a safe place.

4. After earthquake occurs, emergency rescue equipment need for rescue and salvation on that urgent situation. Those should keep on the near of hand. Those are hammer,

Axe, saw, pliers, hand globs, helmet, water tank, torch lights, first aid box, etc.

5. The emergency rescue equipment need to collect and save in a box and learn how use them. Immediately those helps you in an emergency.

 

6. The time of the earthquake takes shelter the most secure places in the house. These are sturdy bed, wooden table, below, RCC columns before the start of the earthquake you can marks this shelter.

 7. Dangerous things should be marks which can be causes of accidents on an earthquake. Hanging objects are dangerous things such as, flowerpot, unsteady furniture, fire materials, steels dress in box etc.

 8. Gas and power lines, closing system knows the entire family member.

 9. Write down the telephone number of the non-governmental service organization.

 10. Fire reduced equipment used in buildings is very important and everyone can learn use of it.

 11. On the earthquake makes a safe place or door for emergency exit for your family.

 

Anthrax and Types of Anthrax

Anthrax is caused by a spore forming bacterium name is Bacillus anthracis. Most common in animals, but humans can get the disease too. Other names for the disease are Wool sorter’s Disease and Ragpicker’s Disease. It is aerobic and non-motile usually about 3 microns in diameter.

There are three forms of Anthrax that will affect the human body

ž  Inhalation Anthrax

ž  Cutaneous Anthrax

ž  Gastrointestinal Tract Anthrax

Inhalation Anthrax

You infected by the disease, if the spores enter into the body through the nasal passage. Usually the person will recover if treatment is given right away. Once the patient has entered stage two without treatment it is likely the patient will die.

Symptoms

First stage symptoms include: fever, malaise, headache, cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain.

Second stage symptoms include: fever, Severe shortness of breath, and shock. Most likely followed by death.

Tests That Should Be Done

To see if it really is inhalation anthrax the hospital should run the following tests: chest x-ray, blood cultures, sputum cultures, and a spinal tap. Also you should do a gram stain to better see the results. For identification of Bacillus anthracis through staining, one must observe encapsulated bacilli when using polychrome methelyene-blue stain [Turnbull, 1996]. The typical appearance includes matte appearance, flat, tacky, white or gray white, and non-hemolytic on blood agar.

Cutaneous Anthrax and Gastrontestinal Tract Anthrax

Cutaneous Anthrax

This is a form of the Anthrax diseases that enter through the skin and infect the person. Contact with the skin or wool of an infected animal could pass the disease on to you.

Symptoms

First there is swelling around the infected area and then a papule, blisters, and finally a black scar that follows the outer edge of the swelling.

Tests That Should Be Done

If you believe that possibly you have this form of this disease you should get a culture of the lesion. This culture can them be tested. From the test results you will know if the Anthrax spores have entered your body or not.

Gastrontestinal Tract Anthrax

This form of the disease is the most deadly. It will enter your system through ingesting tainted food sources. Since animals can be a large source of the disease, most people with this type of infection get it from eating tainted animals.

Symptoms

Usual symptoms with this form is vomiting (usually with blood), anorexia, and bloody diarrhea.

Figure 1. Extensive edema and hemorrhage involving the caecum in a patient with intestinal anthrax.

 

žFigure 2. Anthrax bacilli (arrow) within mesenteric lymph node tissue.

ž

Figure 3. A. Severe edema of a small bowel loop in intestinal anthrax with a large mesenteric  lymph node held between the surgeon’s fingers...

Three forms of Anthrax in Animals

Three forms of Anthrax in Animals

ž  Apoplectic Anthrax

ž  Acute/Sub-acute Anthrax

ž  Chronic Anthrax

Apoplectic Anthrax

Mostly found in sheep, cattle, and goats. Most frequently occurs in the beginning of an outbreak. Death will occur suddenly after showing signs of hemorrhaging in the brain.

Acute/Sub-acute

Mostly found in sheep, cattle, and horses. Some symptoms are: fever, excitement followed by depression, difficulty breathing, uncoordinated movement, convulsions, and eventually death. [Unknown author, 1997]

Chronic Anthrax

Occurs in species that may not be susceptible to anthrax such as: pigs, cattle, horses, and dogs. Symptoms are foaming at the mouth and edema.

Did you know?

Did you know that a large number of Bacillus anthracis spores are produced even as the animal is dying. This is why people handling the sick animals have a higher chance of getting sick from the dying animal.

Vaccines for Humans to Prevent Anthrax

The first United States anthrax vaccine discover in 1950. However, the current form of the vaccine that is use today formulated in 1960 and approved for usage in 1970.

Current United States Vaccine

The current vaccine is not available to the general public only to military personal. This must be given out in 6 shots over an 18 month period. Some side effect may include things linked to Gulf War syndrome such as depression, severe fatigue, and some skin rashes. Also does not protect some people from natural occurring strains of the disease.

Experimental Vaccines for Humans

There is a new experimental vaccine that is being developed by using fragments of DNA from the actual disease itself. They hope by injecting those strands of DNA into the person’s body that it will help them fight off the disease. At the time this is being tested on mice.

Didn’t Your Mother Ever Tell You to Eat Your Spinach!

Yes, we are talking about spinach. Recent studies have come out saying that spinach can be used as an edible vaccine against anthrax because they can produce the protective antigen of bacillus anthracis.  Wow! I think I will eat my spinach now!

Antibiotics of Anthrax

There are many antibiotics on the available to help treat anthrax. But the most well known and the best on the market is Ciprofloxacin (Cipro). The only time that this should be used in children under the age of 18 is if they were exposed to inhalation anthrax. You may also use penicillin or doxycycline, but these can be only on certain strains. You must use the antibiotics for 60 days to make sure that the anthrax spores have been killed.

Treatment of Anthrax

Table 1. Interim recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis for prevention of inhalational anthrax after intentional exposure to B. anthracic.

Ciprofloxacin dose should not exceed 1 g per day in children.

Animal Vaccines

The first vaccine that was developed for animals was developed in 1880 by Pasteur, Toussaint, and Greenfield. The vaccine that is used today for animals was invented in 1935 by a man named Sterne.

Biological Warfare by using Anthrax Viruses

There are many different ways that a country could be attacked by a bio-weapon. For example dropping an anthrax bomb. This could infect a wide area with something that is easily transported. Also as seen in recent years the spores could be sent through the mail and hurt postal workers and people receiving the mail.

Some of the letters that were sent through the mail with anthrax spores inside.

Treatment If There Is a Bio-terror Attack

 

Gruinard Island: 

This is literally the island of anthrax. In 1942 the British government decided to use this remote island off the northwestern coast of Scotland. They chose this island to be there testing site for there new anthrax bomb they had developed. They wanted to use the bomb against the German forces in World War II.  I think I will pass on the spinach grown there!